Zarya-0.6B

Zarya is a family of hybrid language models that combine a classic auto-regressive (AR) objective with a masked-diffusion (MDM) objective in one model. The architecture can be built on top of any autoregressive model but in this repository it uses the Qwen3 backbone.

Naming explanation: Zarya (pronounced as [zɐˈrʲa] (IPA notation), literally "Dawn" in English) is a figure from Slavic folklore — a female personification of dawn who may be considered a goddess. In various traditions, she can manifest as a single being or as two or three sisters simultaneously.

This is a research prototype.

Model Details

Model Description

Zarya is a research prototype of a family of hybrid language models that jointly learn a classic auto-regressive (AR) objective and a masked-diffusion (MDM) objective within a single model.

Two generation modes are supported, both reachable through a single model.generate(...) call: masked-diffusion (MDM) sampling and slotted-level speculative parallel decoding.

Zarya-0.6B details

Zarya-0.6B has the following features:

Variant hidden_size num_hidden_layers num_attention_heads intermediate_size
Zarya-0.6B 1024 28 16 3072

Context Length: 2048

Uses

Zarya is intended for text generation. It supports conversational fine-tuning (SFT) and classic auto-regressive pretraining.

Direct Use

Direct use is text generation (continuation of a prompt) through the model.generate(...) interface, including chat-style prompts formatted with the provided chat template. Two inference modes are available through the same generate() call. Both modes fully use the KV cache with causal attention masks.

  • MDM sampling (slotted_generation=false): iterative masked-diffusion denoising with the first-hitting sampler.
  • Slotted speculative decoding (slotted_generation=true): parallel slot generation with inter-slot diffusion-based selection and intra-slot autoregressive generation for a decoding speedup.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model is a research prototype. It should not be used for production decisions, safety-critical applications, or any use case where accuracy and reliability are essential without additional evaluation and safeguards. Inference performance and stability also depend on the chosen decoding hyperparameters (like slotted_generation, slot_size, serial_num_blocks, slot_threshold, token_threshold, and others).

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

This is a research prototype. The code relies on Hugging Face Transformers APIs; when upgrading versions, compatibility must be checked (tested on Transformers 5.12.1 and PyTorch 2.9.0). Inference performance and stability depend on the choice of config parameters.

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model. Loading the model and tokenizer requires trust_remote_code=True.

import torch
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

model_name = "ai-forever/Zarya-0.6B"

model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_name, trust_remote_code=True, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16).cuda()
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name, trust_remote_code=True)

prompt = "<|im_start|>user\nHello!<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>assistant\n"
input_ids = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.cuda()

# Both modes go through model.generate(...).
# With generation_config.slotted_generation=true -> slotted speculative decoding:
out = model.generate(
    input_ids,
    max_new_tokens=256,
    do_sample=True,
    temperature=0.7,
    slot_size=16,
    serial_num_blocks=4,
    slot_threshold=0.9,
    token_threshold=0.3,
)
# Setting generation_config.slotted_generation=false -> MDM sampling instead:
# out = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=256)

print(tokenizer.decode(out[0]))

Evaluation

LM-eval benchmarking with the lm-eval package is supported. Example run:

lm_eval run \
--tasks=gsm8k,ifeval,arc_challenge,hendrycks_math500,minerva_math500,humaneval_instruct,humaneval,mbpp,mbpp_plus,hellaswag \
--model=hf --confirm_run_unsafe_code \
--log_samples \
--apply_chat_template \
--output_path=./reports/lm-eval_results \
--model_args=pretrained=ai-forever/Zarya-0.6B,backend=causal,dtype=bfloat16,attn_implementation=sdpa,trust_remote_code=True \
--gen_kwargs slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Zarya-0.6B results

Measurements below were collected with varying inference parameters and on different GPUs; performance is sensitive to both, so results may differ across configurations and hardware setups.

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=sdpa, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3089 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3481 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2691 ± 0.0122
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2691 ± 0.0122
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3526 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4270 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0340 ± 0.0081
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0244 ± 0.0121
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2927 ± 0.0356
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4868 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4688 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3678 ± 0.0208
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3586 ± 0.0206
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1320 ± 0.0152
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2222 ± 0.0214
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.0920 ± 0.0129
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1340 ± 0.0152

A100, dtype=float16, attn_implementation=sdpa, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3464 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2820 ± 0.0124
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2805 ± 0.0124
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3526 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4284 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0240 ± 0.0069
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0244 ± 0.0121
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2927 ± 0.0356
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.5000 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4784 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3697 ± 0.0208
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3512 ± 0.0205
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1260 ± 0.0149
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2222 ± 0.0214
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.1000 ± 0.0134
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1500 ± 0.0160

A100, dtype=float32, attn_implementation=sdpa, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3055 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3456 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2661 ± 0.0122
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2646 ± 0.0122
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4281 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0300 ± 0.0076
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0183 ± 0.0105
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2561 ± 0.0342
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4868 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4640 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3678 ± 0.0208
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3494 ± 0.0205
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1480 ± 0.0159
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1984 ± 0.0205
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.0920 ± 0.0129
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1340 ± 0.0152

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=eager, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3089 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3456 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2600 ± 0.0121
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2570 ± 0.0120
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3530 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4267 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0300 ± 0.0076
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0183 ± 0.0105
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2927 ± 0.0356
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.5084 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4856 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3697 ± 0.0208
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3475 ± 0.0205
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1360 ± 0.0153
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2196 ± 0.0213
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.1160 ± 0.0143
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1520 ± 0.0161

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=flash_attention_2, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3080 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3481 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2563 ± 0.0120
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2547 ± 0.0120
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3529 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4273 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0300 ± 0.0076
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0183 ± 0.0105
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2805 ± 0.0352
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4616 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4365 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3216 ± 0.0201
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3031 ± 0.0198
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1380 ± 0.0154
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2249 ± 0.0215
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.0680 ± 0.0113
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1240 ± 0.0148

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=flash_attention_3, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3080 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3481 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2646 ± 0.0122
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2654 ± 0.0122
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3529 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4275 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0260 ± 0.0071
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0183 ± 0.0105
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2866 ± 0.0354
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4640 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4436 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3457 ± 0.0205
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3253 ± 0.0202
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1300 ± 0.0151
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2143 ± 0.0211
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.0980 ± 0.0133
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1520 ± 0.0161

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=flex_attention, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3089 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3447 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2699 ± 0.0122
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2684 ± 0.0122
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3526 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4267 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0360 ± 0.0083
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0183 ± 0.0105
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2683 ± 0.0347
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4880 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4688 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3475 ± 0.0205
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3327 ± 0.0203
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1540 ± 0.0162
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2302 ± 0.0217
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.0960 ± 0.0132
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1400 ± 0.0155

A100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=sdpa, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4,max_gen_toks=2048

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.2; gpu_driver_version 595.71.05;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3089 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3481 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2267 ± 0.0115
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2297 ± 0.0116
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3526 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4270 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0220 ± 0.0066
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0244 ± 0.0121
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2988 ± 0.0359
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.5132 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4832 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3863 ± 0.0210
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3512 ± 0.0205
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1360 ± 0.0153
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2381 ± 0.0219
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.1120 ± 0.0141
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1440 ± 0.0157

H100, dtype=bfloat16, attn_implementation=sdpa, apply_chat_template, slotted_generation=true,slot_size=16,serial_num_blocks=4,slot_threshold=0.9,token_threshold=0.4

Hardware info: gpu_driver_cuda_version 13.0; gpu_driver_version 580.105.08;

Docker info: Torch: 2.9.0+cu128; Transformers: 5.19.0; CUDNN in torch: 91002; lm-eval == 0.4.13

Tasks Version Filter n-shot Metric Value Stderr
arc_challenge 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3063 ± 0.0135
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.3464 ± 0.0139
gsm8k 3.0 flexible-extract 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2813 ± 0.0124
strict-match 5 exact_match ↑ 0.2820 ± 0.0124
hellaswag 1.0 none 0 acc ↑ 0.3525 ± 0.0048
none 0 acc_norm ↑ 0.4266 ± 0.0049
hendrycks_math500 1.0 none 0 exact_match ↑ 0.0180 ± 0.0060
humaneval 1.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.0244 ± 0.0121
humaneval_instruct 4.0 create_test 0 pass@1 ↑ 0.2866 ± 0.0354
ifeval 4.0 none 0 inst_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.4904 ± N/A
none 0 inst_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.4676 ± N/A
none 0 prompt_level_loose_acc ↑ 0.3660 ± 0.0207
none 0 prompt_level_strict_acc ↑ 0.3475 ± 0.0205
mbpp 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.1420 ± 0.0156
mbpp_plus 1.0 none 3 pass_at_1 ↑ 0.2275 ± 0.0216
minerva_math500 3.1 none 4 exact_match ↑ 0.1060 ± 0.0138
none 4 math_verify ↑ 0.1420 ± 0.0156

Citation

If you find our work helpful, please consider citing (citation will be updated after peer-reviewed publication):

@misc{sinev-etal-2026-Zarya,
  author        = {Sinev, Leonid and Koziev, Ilya and Leshchuk, Vladislav},
  title         = {Zarya: A Hybrid Autoregressive--Masked Diffusion Language Model with Flexible Training and Dual-Mode Inference},
  year          = {2026},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  eprint        = {2609.19868},
  primaryclass  = {cs.CL},
  url           = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.19868},
}
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